UNIDAD IV (MARCADORES DE DISCURSO)

TEXTO I

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables),[1] undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives,[2] usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations),[3] which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.

The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals[4] and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints.[5] Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget.[1] The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives
 1. MARCADORES DE DISCURSO

1. is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives.
2.  is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction
3. is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables)
4. as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.

2.  IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO
 Gerencia de proyecto, es la disciplina en la q se planifica organiza de manera segura los manejos de herramientas de un proyecto.


TEXTO II

HISTORY

Project management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859).[6] It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.
In 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) was formed in the USA.[15] PMI publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), which describes project management practices that are common to "most projects, most of the time." PMI also offers multiple certifications.
The American Academy of Project Management (AAPM) International Board of Standards 1996 was the first to institute post-graduate certifications such as the MPM Master Project Manager, PME Project Management E-Business, CEC Certified-Ecommerce Consultant, and CIPM Certified International Project Manager. The AAPM also issues the post-graduate standards body of knowledge for executives.

As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.[8] Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,[9] who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.[10] Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.


The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model.[11] In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program;[12] These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.
PERT network chart for a seven-month project with five milestones

At the same time, as project-scheduling models were being developed, technology for project cost estimating, cost management, and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was formed by early practitioners of project management and the associated specialties of planning and scheduling, cost estimating, and cost/schedule control (project control). AACE continued its pioneering work and in 2006 released the first integrated process for portfolio, program and project management (Total Cost Management Framework).


The International Project Management Association (IPMA) was founded in Europe in 1967,[13] as a federation of several national project management associations. IPMA maintains its federal structure today and now includes member associations on every continent except Antarctica. IPMA offers a Four Level Certification program based on the IPMA Competence Baseline (ICB).[14] The ICB covers technical competences, contextual competences, and behavioral competences.

1.-MARCADORES DE TIEMPO:

1. UNTIL 1900
2. (1632-1723)
3. (1757-1834)
4. (1806-1859)
5. 1950
6. EARLIER
7. STARTED
8. (1st century) 

2. IDEA PRINCIPAL DEL TEXTO

  Se refiere a los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto y su fundadores la cual sus inicios se remonta a 1900.Donde inicialmente fue creado para ingeniero y arquitectos.Es a partir de 1950 es  que se pone en practica a las diferentes aplicaciones que tiene hoy en dia.